Natural Resources Canada - Multinational Andean Project / Proyecto Multinacional Andino

Tables 1 and 2 provide detailed project results for each area where there were expected outputs. Additional details can be found in the Quarterly Reports prepared for the Project. A set of these reports (see section 10, Bibliography) is available in the Mary Akehurst Geoscience Library, Geological Survey of Canada, Pacific Division, Vancouver Office, #1500 - 101 Robson Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6B 5J3.

Expected Output from PAD/LFA	Actual Project Cumulative Output
1. Scientific Data & analysis of rock and mineral samples & some related training.	Argentina 2050 geochemical rocks samples for regional geochemical coverage 147 whole rock trace element analysis for petrographic studies 53 radiometric dates Bolivia 1281 geochemical rocks samples for regional geochemical coverage 56 radiometric dates 265 whole rock trace element analysis for petrographic studies Chile 130 radiometric dates 69 whole rock trace element analysis for petrographic studies Training Sergio Gelcich in Dating Perú 99 radiometric dates 305 whole rock trace element analysis for petrographic studies 7 Conodont análisis 7 Radiolarian analysis
2. Seminars, workshops, field conferences & short courses given by Canadian Experts in areas to be agreed upon in consultation with Canada & National Geoscience Agencies	Argentina Hector Martinez - Training in remote satellite imagery in Vancouver (RGI) Gabriel Asato - Geochemical Information manipulation and display (Harris) Jorge Chernicoff - Airborne Geophysics (Ford) Workshop: Geophysical modeling (Lowe) Workshop: Airborne geophysics (Teskey) Workshop: Representation of Regional Geochemical information (Friske) Field Course: Mineral deposits (Panteleyev) Field mapping: Volcanology and regional studies (Hickson and Edwards) Field mapping: Structure and regional studies (Evenchick) Field studies: Mineral deposit geology (Panteleyev) Field trip and conference: Terrane Paths 1999 (British Columbia, Canada)
	Bolivia Short Course: Mineral Deposits Classification, Genetic Modeling and Metallogeny (Panteleyev) Short Course: PIMA (Petrascience) Short Course: Fluid inclusions (Fluid Inc.) Workshop: GlobeSar II Radarsat Imagery Workshop: Fieldwork practices and computer systems (Woodsworth) Workshop: Mapping and Reporting for Industry (Soregaroli) Field mapping: volcanology and regional studies (Metcalfe)
	Chile Sergio Gelcich-Training in radiometric Ar 40/39 dating (Ottawa, Villeneuve) Paula Cornejo - Radiometric dating (Ottawa, Villeneuve) Sergio Iriarte - Hydrogeology (Waterloo, Aravena and Rudolph) Carlos Perez de Arce- Training in Geochronology Lab in Ottawa Short Course: PIMA (Petrascience) Short Course: Mineral Deposits Classification & Metallogeny (Panteleyev) Short Course: Radiometric dating (Villeneuve) Short course: Magix software Workshop: Geophysical modeling (Lowe) Workshop: GlobeSar II Radarsat Imagery Field studies: Hydrogeology (Aravena and Rudolph) Field course: Fission track dating (Currie)
	Perú Assessment: Dr. Art Soregaroli & Dr. Andrew Panteleyev. Surveys work plans Short Course: Mineral Deposits and Metallogeny (Panteleyev) Short Course: Mineral Deposits Classification, Genetic Modeling and Metallogeny (Panteleyev) Short Course: PIMA (Petrascience) Short Course: Sampling for Radiometric Dating (Gardeweg) Short Course: Mapping in Volcanic Terrains, Products and Processes (Russell and Hickson) Short Course: Fluid inclusions (Fluid Inc.) Field Course: Mapping in Volcanic Terrains (Hickson) Field mapping: Paleozoic rock sequences (Gordey)
	Multinacional Workshop:Fieldlog & Fieldworker (Broderick and Krauth) Field course: Mineral deposits I (Panteleyev and Sangster) Field course: Mineral deposits II (Vivallo, Zappettini, Panteleyev and Sangster) Field Course: Volcanology I (Canada, Hickson) Field Course: Volcanology II (Chile, Gardeweg and Hickson) Workshop on digital data practices used by GSC. Cartographic standards procedures (Cocking, Zappettini) Introduction to Fieldlog for Executive Council in Ottawa.
3. Maps of the Border Regions produced.	4,000 Metallogenic Maps and accompanying bulletin printed and 2500 copies of the 2 volume MAP GeoData CD-ROM pressed. These publications represent the most complete and up-to-date geoscience dataset for the region of the central Andes and are for sale in all five countries and on the internet.
4. Attendance at conferences to highlight progress of project.	XXXIX Geological Congress of Brazil in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (September 1996). Prospectors & Developers Association of Canada (PDAC) in Toronto, Canada (March 1997). Mining Engineering Conference, Arequipa (September, 1997) Cordilleran Exploration Roundup meeting in Vancouver, Canada (January 1998). X Latin American Geological Congress in Buenos Aires, Argentina (November 1998). Prospectors & Developers Association of Canada (PDAC) in Toronto, Canada (March 1999). Bolivian Geological Congress, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (September, 1999) Cordilleran Exploration Roundup meeting in Vancouver, Canada (January 2000). Chilean Geological Congress in Puerto Varas, Chile (August 2000). Special, one day MAP symposium to highlight work of the project. Also resulted in publication of the presentations as part of the conference proceedings. International Geological Congress (IGC), Rio de Janeiro, (August 2000) Cordilleran Exploration Roundup meeting in Vancouver, Canada (January 2001). Prospectors & Developers Association of Canada (PDAC) in Toronto, Canada (March 2001). XI Latin American Geology Congress, MAP Products unveiling in Montevideo, Uruguay (November 2001). Special, one day MAP symposium to highlight work of the project and release of the Metallogenic map and bulletin. Prospectors & Developers Association of Canada (PDAC), MAP products presentation in Toronto, Canada (March 2001). Special unveiling of the GeoData CD-ROM.
5. Compatible maps & reports being produced.	Executive Council meetings decided that all publications would be reviewed before being published. A Technical Standards committee was implemented with members from all five countries. This group met to discuss technical guidelines for publications. They also exchanged technical specifications in use at that time in each country and then set guidelines. These guidelines followed for all publications through the newly established series Publicación Geológica Multinacional - Multinational Geological Publications established under the project. Chile is the host institution for this series. Additionally, MAPdb (the Project database) created a standardized format for data capture and entry.
6. Regular technical exchanges between National Geoscience Agencies	Chileans and Argentineans continued a strong working relationship. Other bilateral work between Chile and Peru and Peru and Bolivia and Bolivia and Argentina. Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) signed between Canada and Argentina, Chile and Peru. Verifiable indicators (Annex A) provide additional details.
7. Increased Private sector interest.	Private Sector interest indicated in Annex B of report #3 and by response to Aeromagnetic survey in Argentina set for 1997/98. Significant attendance by private sector companies at MAP presentations at conferences. Strong positive reaction to the final products released by the Project (Metallogenic map and Bulletin and CD-ROM (including a digital version of the map and Project database MAPdb).
8. High quality analytical data.	Three ISO 9000 certifiable geochemical rock standards created and delivered to National laboratories. These are the first South American geochemical Standards produced. Limited upgrading of laboratories with provision of specific equipment (ring mills, sieves, etc.). Fluid inclusion laboratories implemented in Chile and Peru. Some technical assistance to Chile in setting up Ar-Ar dating facility funded by the Chilean government.
9. Trained personnel using updated standards to produce maps.	All countries agreed to standards for Multinational Geological Publications Series products and to the data formats of MAPdb. Argentina satellite imaging software donated by Canada and used by Martinez (trained in Canada). Bolivia significant staff turn over during the life of the project precluded institutional adoption of some aspects of the Project Chile Gelcich using Ar/Ar dating techniques learned in Canada on equipment purchased by Chile. Iriarte incorporating Canadian hydrogeologic concepts into new maps. Perú GIS software being implemented to streamline map production.
10. Increased analytical capacity demonstrated in better quality products.	See 3, 5, and 8

TABLE 2. OTHER AGENCY PRIORITIES AND CROSS-CUTTING THEMES

	Outputs		Outcomes		Impacts
	Expected	Actual	Expected	Actual	Expected	Actual
/GE Women in Development / Gender Equity. (B2)	Identification of areas of adequacy & of areas in need of improvement (i.e. areas where women are under-represented).	The following identified: Argentina- relatively low participation of women especially at higher management levels. Some women professionals. Bolivia- relatively low participation of women especially at higher levels. Chile- participation of women in all levels of institute (head of project from 1996 - 2001). Perú- relatively low participation of women at higher levels - some participation in medium positions (i.e. recent graduates). Canadá- Project manager is a woman and several technical experts were also women. Women to men ratio is higher than national average.	Increased participation of women in future scientific work within their respective institutes	Argentina- Increasing. Bolivia- Increased acceptance of young women professionals. Two entered the project in the final year and were retained by the institution after the project ended. Chile- In dealings with Chile project administrator spends +/-50% of time dealing with women at all levels. Perú- Paleontologist working with Canadians is a woman and has increased participation the project. Short courses taught by Canadian women were well attended and encouraged women to come forward within the institution. Canadá- Unchanged, women at all levels within the project.	Increased participation of women in decision making levels in all institutes.	Argentina- None yet Bolivia- None yet Chile- Already relatively advanced in this category Perú- None yet Canadá- Already advanced in this category
Environmental & Natural resources management capacity in key institutions increased. (F3)	Increased awareness of environmental & resource issues related to project area. Production of metallogenic maps to help mineral assessment and land-use planning	Argentina- Regional geochemical samples - Satellite analysis of liniments and land forms. Bolivia- Regional geochemical samples. Chile- Hydrogeology chosen as an area of work under the project due to environmental concerns. Perú- Hg contamination identified as a relevant issue. Multinational- Metallogenic map and Database for land-use planning	Investigation into possible solutions to environmental hazards and resource management issues.	Argentina- strengthening of environmental group. Bolivia- None yet Chile- Decision to establish a hydrology group within the institution. Perú- strengthening of environmental group	Increased awareness leading to action being taken by countries to protect environment and effectively manage natural resources	Countries sought the support of CIDA to work on a new project focused on natural hazards and land-use planning as a result of the increased awareness brought about under MAP. MAP was used as an example of a cooperative program at CAMMA and the Association of Iberoamerican Geoscience Surveys meetings.
Capacity of Institutions in the region to develop, plan and execute policies and programs that facilitate regional integration. (H1)	Discussion of present practices of each institute. Integrated multi-country project planning.	Executive Council meetings discussed standards of publications. Decisions on timing of activities, including field activities, and types of joint products also made.	Increased awareness of institutional standards & practices of all parties involved in project.	Participants decided to analyze present standards for publications in the respective countries and comeup with a set of standards for publications produced under the project. Joint planning of activities resulted in increased bilateral activity	Collaboration of institutes on scientific work in common areas of interest.	Regional and inter institutional tensions reduced.
Private sector capacity particularly micro, small, and medium-sized businesses strengthened. (E1)	New maps and products used by private sector for mineral exploration.	New publications (metallogenic map and databases) and data such as the regional airborne geophysical surveys have increased exploration activity in some areas.	Expected exploration efforts are more cost effective.	Some staff trained under the project have left the government institution for positions in the private sector	More focused exploration activity expected.	Puna Austral Airborne geophysical survey resulted in increased exploration and staking.

2.2 SUMMARY OF RESULTS

The results of the project were significant. Tables 1 and 2 above list some of the specific outputs and outcomes, but fails to convey the overall sense of pride and accomplishment all participants felt at the end of the Project. Friendships developed and solid working relationship resulted between the participants that steadily increased over the life of the project. In the beginning, the countries had very separate agendas and there were clear tensions between some of the participants. Bilateral agreements, except in the case of Argentina and Chile who had been working together for several years, seemed unlikely. The countries could only agree to create a mineral deposit map (a technically very simple and straight forward product) as a joint project and Perú chose a project area away from the border and in geological terrain different from that of the other participants. Engagement of all participants at the beginning was difficult. However, the impact of two Executive Council meetings a year and the steady forward progress of the Project began to have a significant impact.

The bi-yearly Executive Council meetings brought together the National Directors and Project Leaders and/or coordinators from each country. The National Directors began to use the meetings as an opportunity to discuss issue of concern for their institutions and governments outside the Project. Likewise, the Project Leaders and National Coordinators used the opportunity to exchange information with their colleagues. A friendly rivalry between the countries resulted in improved response to calls for information from the GSC management team and steadily increasing quality of presentations. After the first two years of Project -activity, the level of trust increased significantly.

As the level of trust increased between the countries there was an increased desire to do more bilateral work and to increase the complexity and commitment to the multicountry product envisioned for release at the end of the Project. From the humble beginnings as a mineral deposit map, the map grew into a new metallogenic and regional geological synthesis at 1:1,000,000 scale using the collective wisdom of the participants and the new data collected under the project (in particular new age dates, mapping and geochemistry). Under the leadership of Dr. Eduardo Zappettini (SEGEMAR, Argentina) a working group was assembled with representatives from each country and work began on the map.

A geological synthesis is a complex and difficult undertaking, particularly across national boundaries. National boundaries (and in fact any map boundary) tend to be areas where the geology looksvery different from one side to the other due to differing expertise, background and training of the geologist who mapped the region and the access they had to analytical data such as age dates, geochemistry, petrology or paleontology. However, portrayal of the geology in a systematic and consistent manner across the entire region is crucial for understanding the underlying geological architecture. This systematic representation is indeed critical to interpretation of the geology in terms of metallogeny (the possibility that rocks of a similar age and type contain mineral resources). It is through well done synthesis that new geological insights can be gained. These new insights may provide companies with new exploration targets and provide the impetus for an exploration program in a previously under explored area. This is especially important for areas that are poorly understood and as such the products may be of particular benefit to Bolivia and Argentina. The metallogenic map covers known metalliferous areas in Chile and Perú – it will assist exploration companies in tracing this prospective geology across the borders.

The metallogenic map was accompanied by a 222 page bulletin explaining the basic geology of the region, including the important formations and stratigraphic information, and the mineral deposits noted on the map. This effort was lead by Dr. Moyra Gardeweg (SERNAGEOMIN, Chile). Additionally, in this increasingly digital world, the map was digitally produced in a fully GIS format that allows the user to link the text material, data tables and supporting information, prepare custom maps and view the data in an interactive manner. Airborne geophysics is also included as well as a LandSat mosaic. This information is presented as part of a 2 volume CD-ROM (MAP GeoData CD-ROM) that also contains a custom database (MAPdb) containing all the data collected in the project as well as additional compilation data provided by some of the countries. This database was created to meet the needs of the participants and provide a standard method of data capture and entry. There is also a photo database where several hundred project photos can be viewed. This set of products is the most complete data set available for the region and is a tribute to the hard work and dedication of the country participants. The successful completion of all three products is a source of immense pride among the participants as these products represent the most up-to-date “state-of-the-art” synthesis of the geology of some of the world’s most important metal bearing regions.

It was noted early in the Project that one of the most important ingredients to obtain good laboratory analytical results is access to international quality standards, and this access was missing for most of the laboratories. These rocks standards are difficult to obtain and very costly ($100US for 60 gms of material) and significant quantities are needed. It was decided to develop several standards under the project. For this, over 100 kilograms of material was collected for three rock types; a basalt (Argentina), an andesite (Chile) and a rhyolite (Perú). These were carefully prepared and analyzed. The result is the first ever South American geochemical rock standards prepared to ISO 9000 standards. The material was distributed to each of the countries for their continued use.

Cartographic and publication standards were a continuing topic of discussion. These discussions lead to a working group made up of representatives from each country. This working group exchanged current standards in effect in their institutions and began developing standards for use by all members for joint publications. A subset of these standards was agreed upon and used for the final products of the Project. In addition, a new publication series was established to facilitate the publication of high quality international work . This series, Publicación Geológica Multinacional - Multinational Geological Publication is hosted by SERNAGEOMIN (Chile). MAPdb also provides a standardized way of collecting, entering and exchanging data, critical to any multicountry or multi agency project.

During the life of the project verifiable indicators were collected annually to help obtain a picture of the developing impact of the project. These indicators are presented in Annex A by country and year. In addition to the final products they provide additional insight into the overall impact of the project. Annex B provides copies of some of the Project products as well as the bilingual newsletter. The bilingual monthly newsletter was a critical vehicle to develop and maintain communication between the Project participants. At any one time there were as many as 150 people involved in the project and over 250 during the lifetime of the project. The newsletter was sent to 300 people, many in industry and was made available on the web. Additionally, a webpage provided information on an ongoing basis.

MAP Executive Council Members 1996 2001
SEGEMAR (Argentina)
Lic. Roberto Page, Director	1996 - 2001
Lic. José Mendía, Project Leader	1996 - 2001
Dr. Eduardo Zappettini, Project Coordinator	1996 - 2001

SERGEOMIN (Bolivia)
Ing. Marcelo Claure, Director	1997 - 2001
Ing. Franz Tavera, Director	1996 - 1997
Dr. Orlando Sanjinés, Project Leader	1996 - 1998

Multinational
Andean
Project

FINAL REPORT

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